|
Hein Daanen
Professor Hein Daanen holds the chair in Thermal Physiology, VU University Amsterdam and is senior scientist at the Department of Human Performance, Business Unit Human Factors, TNO Defence, Security and Safety. He has an illustrious career in physiology, ergonomics and anthropometry. His achievements include:
- Project manager of the Dutch part of the CAESAR survey as well as anthropometric surveys for the Royal Netherlands Air force and Navy
- Director of 'Sizing Science', a company aiming at optimizing fit
- Author of several books and over 50 refereed journal articles.
|
Abstract
In earlier verification and validation studies for digital Human Modeling Systems (HMSs) in an F-16 cockpit application, the initial positioning and posturing of the manikins were found to be the greatest source of error in calculations of manikin reach and clearance (Oudenhuijzen et al. 2002). Therefore, a new method was developed to reduce these errors based on “training” the HMSs. In essence, this training enables the manikins to assume realistic postures by employing 3D body scans of real people in an actual F-16 ACES II ejection seat. This was the starting point for defining the manikin initial position, and posture during reach, as well as to quantify the effects of the restraint system and the protective equipment in an F-16 cockpit environment. The Safework HMS was chosen as the modeling system to be “trained.” Fourteen subjects with a considerable range in body dimensions were selected for the modeling activities in this project. Their scan data were collected under two conditions while seated in the F-16 ACES II ejection seat: 1) wearing stretch shorts (and sports bras for females) to serve as baseline data; and 2) wearing a full pilot cold water immersion ensemble (small subjects only). The resulting subject data were used to produce 15 reach posture libraries for the Safework HMS. These libraries can be considered as a kind of fidelity profile that quantified, and simultaneously accounted for, the effects of the restraint system, protective equipment, and tissue deformation in this seated cockpit environment. The average difference between the small subject reach envelopes and their corresponding manikin envelopes (compared at the radial styloid on the wrist for all 15 reach directions) had an error range of +/- 7 mm. Hence, the library is considered to be accurate and verified for anthropometric accommodation studies on the F-16 when using the HMS Safework and the resulting posture libraries. The positioning accuracy for accommodation tasks was also found to be accurate. Manikin eye location, during positioning in accommodation tasks, lies between +/- 6 mm in the vertical Z direction, and much smaller (+/- 2 to 7 mm) in the horizontal directions. |
| |
|
|
Eric Ennis
Eric Ennis is an information technology specialist working in support of the United States Air Force Research Laboratory’s Human Effectiveness Division. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Management Information Systems and Accountancy, and is pursuing his Master of Business Administration degree with a concentration in Cyber Security.
Eric has been supporting the WEAR association since 2008. He is the creator of the Anthropometric Measurement Interface, a tool for standardizing descriptions of measurements and facilitating comparison of the measurements across the global community. Eric is a lead contributor to the Anthropometry Resource Information System. He assists in database administration and web-based utilities. In addition, Eric is a technical leader in division’s 3D human body scanners. |
Abstract
Standardization for the purpose of the comparison of international data. Introducing the WEAR Data Network (AMI and ARIS)
A severe obstacle to the collaboration of researchers in the field of Anthropometry is the fact that when measurements are taken, they are described using a brief narrative. This narrative often is very succinct and done with little attention to detail. Other times the narrative is extremely verbose going into great detail describing exactly how the measurement was taken. In either case, this methodology of measurement description may serve the purposes of the individual researcher at the time; however, as time passes and peers in the field read the technical reports, the narrative technique proves to be quite a hindrance. What if there was a way to standardize a description of how anthropometric measurements were taken? What if this standard description method was adhered to by anthropometric scientist worldwide? WEAR proposes that this be done via the Anthropometric Measurement Interface (AMI). AMI is a web site that employs the Anthropometry XML Schema (Cheng, Robinette, 2009) to allow users to submit a standardized description of their measurement. AMI then serves as a central repository for the measurement descriptions. Through this tool, researchers worldwide can view how the measurements that they take compare with measurements taken elsewhere throughout the world. This easy method of comparison allows the user to very quickly see how similar other’s measurements are taken; thus facilitating where to look for raw datasets. This talk will illustrate the benefits of AMI, show how it works, and demonstrate a prototype of the possibility of using it as a link between international datasets. |
| |
|
|
Johan Molenbroek
Johan Molenbroek is Associate Professor Applied Ergonomics at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Visiting Professor at the University of Bath in the United Kingdom. He has 28 years experience in research and teaching students industrial design engineering. Johan is also the current President of the Dutch Ergonomic Society. Johan has worked on anthropometric surveys from children to the elderly , and coordinated the Gerontechnology Educational Network in Europe and the Friendly Rest Room project. Currently he is the consultant on the Hong Kong project where data from 2000 Chinese 3D head scans are now being processed into design tools for the better fit of head wear. Johan has particular expertise in the use of anthropometry in the design of school furniture, products for the elderly and the handicapped - especially about toilets, and also in educational tools in engineering anthropometry. |
Abstract
An investigation was done in 2009 to the physical ergonomics of Dutch Police Cars.
The reason was a tender to order new police cars for 2011.
Police officers are up to 6 hours a day in a car and therefore the police car has become there working place. It needs to be comfortable in usage during ingress, egress and while staying inside the car. Not only comfortable auditive communication with the central office is important even when the siren is loud, also the working of the input devices to enter text in a communication device about suspected license plates or suspects.
Because of a limited budget and short time frame we focused in this investigation on the physical ergonomics of the police cars and used a questionnaire for general feedback about current cars and its usability issues. As a second method a sample of officers was measured anthropometrically including full equipment like pepper spray, weapon, hand cuff and up to 8 other ‘things. The sample was selected based on being extreme in height and weight because it is assumed they exceed the limits of comfortable use in earlier stage.
Officers were asked to step in and out from a car including (UN) closing the safety belt and this was video taped to be able to see their routine handling. Cars that were included were Volvo V50 and V70, Volkwagen Touran, Mercedes C200 CDI and Mercedes Sprinter. Also interviews were taken of the measured sample about their behavior in and with the cars.
Some of the results were: V50 was too small for most of the tall and heavy officers. The mid-console was removed or severely damaged because of interaction with weapon during egress and ingress. Other results were a series of wishes and requirements that can be used to select the new police car 2011. |
| |
|
|
Regis Mollard
Regis Mollard has a doctorate in Anthropology and holds a PhD in Sciences.
He is Professor of Ergonomics at the University Paris Descartes, Head of Master of Ergonomics and University Diploma of Human Factors in aviation. He led the Laboratory of Ergonomics, Behaviour and Interactions for ten years and is now attached to Laboratory of Adaptation, Work and Individual.
He is a founding member of the international group WEAR (World Engineering Anthropometry Resource) and of the PEPSS (Plateforme d’Evaluation, de Prototypage et de TeSts d’UsageS).
He is scientific advisor to the Department of Medical INSEP and member of the Scientific Council of the Centre for Health at Work in The French Post. He has conducted consultancies in the application of ergonomics and anthropometrics for FELIN project (infantryman with integrated equipment and links) the French Military programme for the Army and in the analysis of accidents in aviation for the French Board for Accident Investigation. He is a Member of the European Committee for Aircrew Scheduling and Safety (ECASS), a Member of the French Society of Biomechanics, and a Member of Psychophysiology in Ergonomics (PIE). He led the Technical Committee Human Factors of the AFIS(Association Française d’Ingénierie Système).
His current research topics focus on modeling the morphological diversity applied to the design (engineering anthropometry), fatigue in transportation, and well-being at work. |
Abstract
Predicting the morphological evolution using WEAR Data Network
WEAR is a collaborative effort to create a world wide resource of anthropometric data for a wide variety of engineering applications. The users of anthropometric data can access through a central portal to a series of on-line database systems linked together, with a direct access through the web. Examples of analysis of anthropometric data are presented using ERGODATA, one of the database systems of WEAR. The focus is on the analysis of retrospective results from anthropometric surveys on specific samples or populations to estimate the changes in morphology according to secular trends in different countries. A well documented example concerns the increase of the stature since the last 40-50 years. Based on the results taken from the available surveys in the database system, for example it is possible to estimate the evolution of the mean values of stature, weight, sitting height and cormic index for selected samples as well as for a global population. Evolutions for French males and females are described with the predictions up to the next 20 years. The same statistical models can be derived for other populations. Obviously the main difficulty to be solved is to get ensured that each sample is defined by the same criteria: gender, age, origin, sociocultural level,... |
| |
|
|
Kathleen M. Robinette
Dr Kathleen Robinette is a pioneer and technology leader in human anthropometrics, whose research and developments have positively impacted the quality of life and work of countless people around the world. Her research has literally changed the way anthropometric data is utilized in equipment design, particularly with respect to the development of technical standards. Dr Robinette is responsible for the development of the world’s first three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry scanner in 1985, (a head scanner), and the world’s first 3D whole body scanner in 1993. As the director of the Air Force’s Computerized Anthropometric Research and Design (CARD) Laboratory, she developed a new initiative to collect 3D anthropometric data that will ultimately result in a better fit between people and their tools, systems, and environments. She planned, negotiated, and directed the first successful 3D whole body human measurement survey; CAESAR, Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource. In addition, she developed the fit-mapping method which is used to effectively size products during product development. This method was first implemented for the Navy Women’s uniform, improving the percentage accommodated without alterations to 99% without increasing the number of sizes! Prior to this only 25% of Navy women were able to get a fit without costly alterations. Kathleen is a Fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and has received many honors and awards over the years including: Outstanding Scientist Award from the Affiliate Societies Council, the Arch T. Colwell Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers, the Women in Government Award from Good Housekeeping Magazine, and the Outstanding Alumnus Award from Wright State University. |
Abstract
Help! I can’t find the average woman.
What do I do? - Average people are myths from the past. Three-dimensional cases are the future.
For decades people have been asking for the average man, woman, foot, hand, head etc. to design their products when what they really want is good fit and function. Who is this average person and does he or she exist? Gilbert Daniels (1952) demonstrated nearly sixty years ago that the answer is no. Since that time many people have further demonstrated that designing for the average may result in poor fit and function too! In the 1960s anthropologists and statisticians began to tout the use of 5th to 95th percentiles for design, but these too were found to be inadequate (and often worse) for effective design (Robinette and McConville, 1982). This paper will illustrate the issues with averages and percentiles, describe proper uses of these statistics and one-dimensional data, and describe better design and manufacturing alternatives made possible by advances in 3-D data capture and modelling.
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Daisy Veitch of Sharpdummies Inc. in
streamlining this paper. |
| |
|
|
Chang Shu
Dr. Chang Shu is a senior research scientist at the Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council of Canada (NRC). He is also an adjunct research professor at the School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. His research has been focused on analyzing and processing of geometric information arising from the physical world. He leads the Digital Human Modeling Project at the NRC where the goal is to understand the human shape variation using 3D imaging data. He developed geometric and statistical methods for processing 3D anthropometric data for a variety of applications including product design, computer animation, and medical research. In 2009, he received the Federal Partners in Technology Transfer Award (FPTT). In 2003, he received NRC Outstanding Achievement Award. He was a program co-chair of the IEEE International Workshop on 3D Digital Imaging and Modeling (3DIM). He was a guest editor for the Computer Vision and Image Understanding journal. |
Abstract
Tools for 3D Anthropometric Data
3D anthropometric data obtained from 3D imaging technology provide unprecedented information about the human shape. At the same time, 3D data present tremendous new challenges. New software tools and analytical methods have to be designed to realize the full potential of the 3D data. One prominent character of the 3D data is that they are a collection of coordinates in 3-space and do not have a natural order. This poses problems for performing statistical analysis. In order to make sense about this new type of data, 3D points have to be registered such that meaningful correspondences across all the models can be established. Other issues include data completion, compression, and visualization. In this talk, I will demonstrate that with proper tools 3D data can be used effectively for design products that fit the human shape.
Tutorial: Statistical Shape Analysis
Traditionally, multivariate statistics has been used in anthropometry to interpret one-dimensional measurement data such as length and circumference. With the advance of the 3D imaging technology, it is now possible to digitize the whole surface of the human body and obtain detailed and accurate shape information. Many large-scale 3D scan projects have been completed and tremendous amount of 3D data have been collected around the world. A new field - 3D Anthropometry - is emerged. Unlike traditional anthropometry, 3D anthropometry works with dense 3D points represented as x, y, z coordinates of the surface models. How do we do statistics with these data? How do we make sense of this new type of body measurement and extract from them useful information about the shape of the human body? Statistical shape analysis answers these questions. This tutorial introduces the basic concepts of statistical shape analysis and how it is used for processing 3D anthropometric data. Topics include: shape representation, data pre-processing, data alignment, principal component analysis, and variability visualization. The goal is to demonstrate the potential of 3D anthropometry and help users to understand the principles and techniques underlying the new tools arising from 3D anthropometry. |
| |
|
|
Daisy Veitch
Daisy Veitch, winner of Australian Wool Corporations Young Designer of the Year Award and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Award for Young Australians has experience in all stages of garment production — from design to the finished product. Daisy is the Managing Director of SHARP Dummies that conducted the recent size survey of 1200 women across Australia. Daisy is on all the Standard Australia working committees to define measurements used for clothing sizes and is a member of ASTM D- 13 committee that defines apparel sizes in the US.
Daisy can talk about body scanning, anthropometry, rapid prototyping and mannequin production, clothes fit and sizing. |
Abstract
Application of Anthropometric Data to Garment Sizing and Design via Innovative Product Development Tools
D Veitch
SHARP Dummies Pty Ltd
B Davis
ICCON Associates Pty Ltd
This paper is divided into two sections: Firstly, it illustrates the use of 3D, 2D and 1D anthropometric data in the selection and design of bio-fidelic (life-like) apparel fit manikins. The resultant manikins are copies of real people, one is a regular size and the other is a large size female. The selection process uses bi-variates and multiple regressions from the key variables for apparel sizing, as defined by past testing (Mellian, et al., 1991). Databases used included CAESAR data, SHARP Dummies National Size and Shape Survey (Australia), other anthropometric data sources and apparel industry feedback. Secondly, it describes the development of an integrated patternmaking base which aims to address sizing and fit challenges experienced by the apparel manufacturing sector. This paper shows how anthropometric data related to selected bodies are used to develop 2D apparel blocks/slopers that form the base of well fitting garments. The system uses a commonly available computerized pattern development system. Original sophisticated algorithms, which address the postural, shape and girth characteristics of these chosen 3D shapes are demonstrated. Construction based or allometric grading is applied to address real body growth. The mathematical and scientific robustness of this method creates a system which can easily be replicated, taught and economically used by apparel industry technicians. This increases efficiency, by lowering product development costs and reducing lead times, resulting in a more sustainable future for the apparel industry. The entire process illustrates the use of anthropometry to create improved apparel product development tools which then form an innovative scientific base upon which to build better designed wearable products. Additionally, this provides a basis upon which to standardize pattern making processes and happens in an electronic format allowing instant communication using the internet bringing pattern making to the 21st century. |
| |
|
|
Marion Wolff
Marion Wolff, has a doctorate in Cognitive Psychology, specialty Geometric Data Analysis, and holds a PhD in Ergonomics. She is Assistant Professor at the University Paris Descartes, Head of Master of Ergonomics. She worked for ten years in French Institute of high level Sport and she led the Laboratory of Ergonomics for two years.
She is now attached to the Laboratory of Adaptation, Work and Individual.
She is member of the international group WEAR (WorldEngineering AnthropometryResourceAssociation) and of the Technical Committee Human Factors at the AFIS (Association Française d’Ingénierie Système), and founding member of the PEPSS (Plateforme d’Evaluation, de prototypage et de tests d’uSages).
She was during four years president of the international Congress “Ergo’IA”.
Specialist of data analysis, her current research topics focus on modeling cognitive process and postural control in interaction with work situations. |
Abstract
Well-being and emotional comfort according to morphological patterns: the "Sport-softness" project
“Sport-Softness” is an innovative concept inspired by the advances of sport at high level. “Sport-Softness” concept takes place in 3 phases:
- A preliminary diagnosis based on morpho-mechanical and emotional evaluations to personalize recommendations,
- An “agenda of welfare” with nonaggressive exercises and life hygiene recommendations,
- Regular monitoring with morpho-mechanical and emotional assessments to evaluate the effects of the program and adjust the recommendations.
Concerning the morpho-mechanical component, morphotype and cormic index (ratio between trunk and lower limbs) give possibilities to select categories of exercises according to individual needs: stability or reactivity propensity related to morphotype.
To evaluate needs, “Sport-Softness” program will also test: static postural balance and contribution of vision to this balance, static postural control (computer-based test the verticality of the body), trunk stability during motion (data processing-test trajectory control), stability of the pelvis (flexion test), stability of the knees, and symmetrical right / left lower limbs equilibrium.
Concerning the emotional component, evaluations will be used to analyze typology of sleep (morningness/eveningness type, flexibility/rigidity type, and sleepiness propensity index), subjective emotional reactivity (Self-Assessment-Manikin-test for different work and social situations),
emotional and physiological reactivity (skin conductance), ability to relaxation (EEG alpha reactivity), capture of positive attitudes (emotional response through postures and gestures).
This program is presently being consolidated with different samples. |
| |
|
